Elm Friday: Type System Basics – Union Types and Tagged Unions (Part X)

Elm Friday: Union Types

In the last episode we took a look at some of the type constructs Elm provides, namely type aliases and records. We continue in this episode by looking at the last major type construct, union types.

About This Series

This is the tenth post in a series of short and sweet blog posts about Elm . The stated goal of this series is to take you from “completely clueless about Elm” to “chief Elm guru”, step by step. If you have missed the previous episodes, you might want to check out the table of contents .

Union Types

Union types are similar to enumerations, which you might know from other languages. A simple union type could look like this:

type Fruit = Apple | Banana | Orange

This declares a new union type that has three possible values (Apple, Orange and Banana in this example).

Union types and case statements are a perfect match, so this is a good time to introduce the case statement:

module Main (..) where

import Html exposing (..)


type Fruit
  = Apple
  | Banana
  | Orange


fruitToProverb : Fruit -> String
fruitToProverb fruit =
  case fruit of
    Apple -> "An apple a day keeps the doctor away"
    Banana -> "Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana."
    Orange -> "An orange never bears a lime."


main : Html
main =
  ul
    []
    [ li [] [ Apple |> fruitToProverb |> text ]
    , li [] [ Banana |> fruitToProverb |> text ]
    , li [] [ Orange |> fruitToProverb |> text ]
    ]

The case-of statement in the fruitToProverb function takes an expression (in this case the fruit parameter) and matches it against all listed cases. The branch that matches will be used. So, if you pass the value Apple into the function it will return the string "An apple a day keeps the doctor away".

Tagged Unions

Union Types can actually be more than simple enumerations – they can carry additional data. This is achieved with tagged unions. The following example defines a union type Shape with two possible shapes:

-- A record definition. We had a look at records in the previous episode.
type alias Point =
  { x : Float
  , y : Float
  }

-- the tagged union Shape
type Shape
  = Circle Point Float
  | Rectangle Point Point

Each kind of Shape defines different data that can be attached to it. A Circle can hold a Point (its center) and its radius (represented as a Float). The Rectangle in contrast has two Points attached to it, representing the upper left and the lower right corner. Keep in mind that the number of parameters and their types can be different for each member of a tagged union. You can also mix tagged union types with simple values (that do not have additional data).

Here is an example where you can see a tagged union in action:

import Html exposing (..)


type alias Point =
  { x : Float
  , y : Float
  }


type Shape
  = Circle Point Float
  | Rectangle Point Point


area : Shape -> Float
area shape =
  case shape of
    Circle center radius ->
      pi * radius ^ 2

    Rectangle corner1 corner2 ->
      abs (corner1.x - corner2.x) * abs (corner1.y - corner2.y)


main : Html
main =
  let
    circle =
      Circle { x = 2.3, y = 1.4 } 3.1

    rectangle =
      Rectangle { x = 0.5, y = 1.4 } { x = 3.5, y = 5.2 }
  in
    ul
      []
      [ li [] [ area circle |> toString |> text ]
      , li [] [ area rectangle |> toString |> text ]
      ]

The interesting part is the area function. We use a case statement to calculate the area of a geometrical shape, which requires a different formula depending on the kind of shape. We also use the case statement to destructure the tagged union values, that is, to assign an identifier to the values inside the tagged union members. For example, the line

Circle center radius ->

enables us to access the Float attached to the Circle and use it in our calculation by assigning the identifier radius to it. Since we do not use the center value at all (it is not relevant for calculating the area), we also use the underscore wildcard (_) which basically translates to "ignore this value, we do not need it here":

Circle _ radius ->

That’s about it on union types and tagged unions, so this concludes the tenth episode of this blog post series on Elm. Stay tuned for the next episode!