There’s now a newer post about the same topic at Self-Contained Systems and ROCA: A complete example using Spring Boot, Thymeleaf and Bootstrap .
What is the best way to build a web application?
I know, tough question, and in the end, there cannot be one definitive answer, because otherwise there wouldn’t exist an armada of different architectures, frameworks and libraries. During the last years, Single Page Applications (SPA) based on JavaScript became more and more popular, and it seemed to me a little bit like it’s the only way to go for the future. It makes sense to have no server-side session, for scalability (Cloud! Commodity hardware!) on the one hand, and for the user experience on the other hand. And there’s no way of avoiding to accept JavaScript as a first class citizen anyway, so why not go JavaScript all the way?
On the other hand there’s one word in the term ‘Single Page App’ that makes me afraid: Single. Everything in one page? Really? I mean, it could be really a lot. Think of a medium or big sized web application with a lot of developers working on it. Initial loading times are a small problem compared to organizing the work: client software design, namespaces, merging, testing. Even if that’s just new to us old Java developers, we still have one application for everything. It’s not easy to exchange certain parts, it’s not easy to integrate with other applications, and it’s not easy to integrate other applications into it.
ROCA – Resource-oriented Client Architecture
So what do you do if you don’t want to build a single page application? While working at a customer I came across ROCA (Resource-oriented Client Architecture) which is a set of rules for a web application architecture. It’s a short list, so before I repeat them here, please read them there .
Ready?
So now you know the rules, but that doesn’t mean you can instantly imagine how such an application would look like. At least I couldn’t. I learned that there are two important aspects:
RESTful style
RESTful communication is stateless, so we have no session state. We have meaningful bookmarkable URIs for each resource and sub-resource, and a resource ideally represents an object from our domain, or a list of objects from our domain. I say ideally, because that’s not a must. In a lot of use cases, a resource made for a web frontend cannot be mapped 1-on-1 to domain objects, but if it does, our life gets easier. To interact with those resources we use the four HTTP methods GET, POST, PUT and DELETE. So if our domain happens to be a movie database, usage could be:
- GET on /movies for displaying all movies
- POST on /movies for adding a movie
- GET on /movies/42 for displaying the movie with id 42
- PUT on /movies/42 for updating the movie with id 42
- DELETE on /movies/42 for deleting the movie with id 42
A GET returns HTML markup (possibly through a template engine), PUT and DELETE are tunneled through a POST, and POST, PUT and DELETE return a redirect URI to follow the POST/REDIRECT/GET pattern.
Progressive enhancement
By now we have a Web 1.0 application that works perfectly without JavaScript. In a progressive enhancement style we can add all those little things that make up a Web 2.0 application, like partial page rendering, inline-editing, search term suggestion, instant search, context menus, mouse over previews turning into a form on click, and so on. It means that we probably need more than one representation of a resource, for example one that contains the whole page with all menus, one that contains just the content, and maybe one that presents the data in a popup style.
Progressive enhancement is done in an unobtrusive way, so we don’t have JavaScript generating HTML, we just use JavaScript for rendering, history management, refreshing and validating based on server-generated data.
The movie database – an example application
You learn the most if you try it out – so I built a web application following the ROCA rules (with a little help and inspiration of some people that know more about it than I do). It’s a movie database, and you can find it here on Github . I used Bootstrap, jQuery, Thymeleaf, Spring HATEOAS and Spring MVC for building it, and that’s why:
Bootstrap
I really didn’t have much to do with CSS and web design in general before I did this project, so Bootstrap came as a rescue. Everybody can do good-looking user interfaces with Bootstrap. And in a real world project there would probably be someone professional doing the web design.
jQuery
I really didn’t have much to do with JavaScript before I did this project – wait, did I write this before? Sounds familiar. However, jQuery seems to be the library of choice when working with JavaScript, and it worked out well.
Thymeleaf
If you want to generate HTML on the server in a normal request/response way, a standard way to do this is using some kind of template engine. Thymeleaf uses valid HTML as templates and adds template expressions as additional attributes with a th prefix. This way you can build working mock-ups and integrate them directly into your codebase. People specialised on web design may create CSS, HTML and JavaScript which can be used for presentations, and we can be sure that our product will look the same in the end.
Spring HATEOAS
Spring HATEOAS is a library for dealing with the hypermedia part in RESTful applications. I guess it was intended to use in RESTful web services, but there is no reason for not using it here. We have our domain objects delivered by our services. They have relations to other domain objects. In the browser, those relations are represented by links to another resource or sub-resource, for example the resource /movies/42 has a relation to its list of comments, which can be found following the URI /movies/42/comments. To convert our domain object into a resource, we need to create those links. Spring HATEOAS brings structure into this process by providing a Link and a Resource class, where the latter may contain a domain object and a list of Link objects. Furthermore it contains a ResourceAssembler interface which can be implemented to build special domain-resource-converters for domain classes, doing the conversion in exactly one place. This way it becomes a three-stepped process: getting domain data from a service, converting it into resources and inserting it into the template.
Spring MVC
I needed a request/response style web framework, and Spring MVC is one of them. I wanted to check if it fits well. And also I wanted to write a web application without a line of XML, and since that’s possible with Servlet 3.0 and Spring 3.1, I did it here. Note that you need a container capable of Servlet 3.0 to run the application (Tomcat 7 will do).
What now?
I encourage you to have a look at the code and let it run. Does it feel good? Or is an SPA maybe a better solution? Let me know what you think.
Was this post helpful?
More articles
fromTobias Flohre
16.2.2022 Your job at codecentric?
Jobs
Agile Developer und Consultant (w/d/m)
Alle Standorte
Gemeinsam bessere Projekte umsetzen.
Wir helfen deinem Unternehmen.
Du stehst vor einer großen IT-Herausforderung? Wir sorgen für eine maßgeschneiderte Unterstützung. Informiere dich jetzt.
Hilf uns, noch besser zu werden.
Wir sind immer auf der Suche nach neuen Talenten. Auch für dich ist die passende Stelle dabei.
Blog author
Tobias Flohre
Senior Software Developer
Do you still have questions? Just send me a message.
Do you still have questions? Just send me a message.